A study from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania has found that green spaces are linked to reduced crime rates
A research team has found that distressed neighborhoods where vacant lots have been converted into small parks and community green spaces are associated with reduced crime when compared to neighborhoods with unimproved vacant lots. The study was conducted by a group from the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, using Philadelphia data compiled over the last decade. In some sections of the city, residents of neighborhoods with improved vacant lots also reported “significantly less stress and more exercise,” suggesting that the improvements had an effect on residents’ perceptions of safety outdoors.
Philadelphia has a major program to take advantage of vacant lots within the city to add 500 acres of additional neighborhood parks, gardens, and other green space by the end of 2015. In addition, according to a press release issued by the Perelman School, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society has had a program to green abandoned vacant lots in the city since 1999. Nearly 4,500 vacant lots totaling over 7.8 million square feet were greened from 1999 to 2008. The Horticultural Society’s inventory of work formed the basis for the new study:
This program involved removing trash and debris, grading the land, planting grass and trees to create a park-like setting, and installing low wooden post-and-rail fences around each lot to show that it was cared for and to deter illegal dumping. Several times a year, PHS returned to each greened lot to perform basic maintenance, such as mowing the grass, tending trees, or repairing fences.
[Penn’s Dr. Charles C.] Branas and his team analyzed the impact of this program for a decade, from 1999 to 2008, using a statistical design that considered various health and safety outcomes and numerous other factors occurring on and around vacant lots, before and after they were treated, as compared to vacant lots that were not greened over the same time period.
A control group of unimproved vacant lots was selected with a methodology designed to ensure fair comparability to the greened lots. The study, which was published earlier this month in the American Journal of Epidemiology, correlated the lots with data from the Philadelphia Police Department and the Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey.
Vacant lot greening was associated with significant reductions in gun assaults across all four sections of Philadelphia in the study and with significant reductions in vandalism in one section. Greening was also associated with the reporting of significantly less stress in one of the sections of the city and with more exercise in another. Cholesterol numbers were lower to a statistically significant degree for the greened areas across all four city sections.
Increased incidents of disorderly conduct, on the other hand, were associated with greening. The research team suggests that this might be understandable. From the press release:
A greened lot may serve as a new opportunity for community gatherings, bringing large groups of people together and increasing the opportunity for crowd-based nuisance crimes such as disorderly conduct, say the researchers. Community interest in maintaining a newly greened lot may have also increased calls to police and arrests for disorderly conduct.
An earlier, smaller study conducted by researchers from Texas State and Texas A&M, and reported two years ago in Science Daily, was unable to find a statistically significant correlation between eleven Houston neighborhoods with community gardens and reduced rates in reported crime when compared to a control group of neighborhoods without gardens. Even that study, however, found that the residents of neighborhoods with gardens “linked the presence of the gardens to … perceived immunity from crime, noting changes such as the cessation of illegal activity, including dumping and/or drug activity, increased property values, and increased neighborhood redevelopment.”
The Texas researchers also noted that other studies have revealed an increase in the number of owner-occupied dwellings, more personal income (as a result of attracting people with higher incomes to the community), and rent increases in areas surrounding community gardens. The Philadelphia team noted that a range of studies have shown that the presence of urban green space is linked to lower rates of mortality and health complaints and to mental health benefits.
My take is that it undoubtedly takes more than increased, tended green space to cure crime and other problems associated with distressed neighborhoods and vacant lots. But I suspect we are also seeing the beginnings of evidence that it is among the things that can help.
Here’s a very good, short video from the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society showing examples from their neighborhood greening program:
This post also appears on NRDC Switchboard, an Atlantic partner site.
I’ve kept the empty lot across from my house like a park/garden ever since they tore the house down 8 years ago. Everyone in the neighborhood loves it–the older folks are often seen enjoying the songbirds early in the morning, kids in the afternoon and prostitutes late at night. Since I bought it last year, I’ve been thinking about getting rid of the old people 😉
Great story, Scott. Good old-fashioned neighborhood activism. There’s no substitute.
Parks ? HEALTHY ??
Well, Men’s Health Magazine 2011 just named the Worst Cities fro Men’s Health (or top 100 best)
Memphis ranked 96 th , four slots from the BOTTOM ! one slot above Detroit (ranked 97th)
and we want to talk about goddam community Parks ?? what a bunch of fools it seems, year after year after year !
Memphis ALWAYS ranks near or at the bottom, in numerous important catgories, and it has done so since 1980
Anon-
…and your dribble constantly ranks at the bottom where common sense, logic and knowledge are comcerned. Even a 5 year old knows of the link between park space and physical and mental health.
Thanks for outing yourself as an uneducated, inexperienced troll… yet again!
Dr. Jeff Wallace at Univ of Memphis, had it right when Memphis was named by the CENSUS BUREAU as the POOREST city in the USA.
He said, the information pointed out clearly the shortfalls and the problems,….but he stated correctly that “the solutions could be DECADES AWAY”
yes, I firmly agree with that, but Memphis has screwed itself year after year….decade after decade
yes , yes, if YOU have DECADES to waste on this sort of remediation, when there are far more cities and towns in which to consider to living, then fine, fine fine……knock yourself out……but what dynamic, thinking professional, or progressive family wants to deal with that ??? that’s why the population is decreasing…..
I would not consciously advise anyone considering a move to Memphis, TN, to simply ignore Memphis’ rankings near the bottom in many many areas….
why pretend and lie ?? the place is bringing up the REAR
btw, your preoccupation with attempting to discredit another poster is misplaced and silly anger……go do something about the “ignorance” in Memphis that keeps it ranking at the freekin BOTTOM……it’s not my comments on a website that keep Memphis on the bottom….
The befuddled anon just does not understand do they? Apparently making the most elementary of connections eludes them. They speak of anger and obsession, yet they reply to almost every other post that either disagrees with them or points out their inaccurate information. So sad to see someone so limited in the realm of critical thinking especially on a post concerning parks and open space. Numerous studies prove the connection between health, income and park space Anon, and instead of simply admitting your error, you reply with accusations of “anger” and unrelated opinions about Memphis. If anyone has an anger issue, it is plainly you.